Describing WebSocket API

Import

MSW provides a designated ws namespace for describing WebSocket events. We will use that namespace to describe what connections and events to intercept and how to handle them.

// src/mocks/handlers.js
import { ws } from 'msw'
 
export const handlers = []

Event handler

WebSocket communications are event-based so we will be using an event handler to intercept and describe them.

In this tutorial, we will describe a chat application that uses WebSocket to send and receive messages. We will use MSW as a substitute for an actual WebSocket server, developing mock-first.

You can imagine the chat application like this:

// src/app.js
const ws = new WebSocket('wss://chat.example.com')
 
// Handle receiving messages.
ws.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
  renderMessage(event.data)
})
 
// Handle sending messages.
const handleFormSubmit = (event) => {
  const data = new FormData(event.target)
  const message = data.get('message')
  ws.send(message)
}

Let’s start by creating an event handler for a WebSocket endpoint using the ws.link() method.

// src/mocks/handlers.js
import { ws } from 'msw'
 
// The "chat" object is an event handler responsible
// for intercepting and mocking any WebSocket events
// to the provided endpoint.
const chat = ws.link('wss://chat.example.com')
 
export const handlers = [
  chat.on('connection', ({ client }) => {
    console.log('Intercepted a WebSocket connection:', client.url)
  }),
]

The chat object returned from the ws.link() method gives us the server-like API to interact with the intercepted WebSocket connection. We can add the "connection" event listener to know when a client in our application tries to connect to the specified WebSocket server.

Next, let’s describe how to handle the chat messages that the client sends and mock the server responding to them.

Responding to client messages

Whenever the WebSocket client sends data to the server, the client object in the "connection" event listener argument will emit the "message" event. We can attach a listener to that event to listen and react to outgoing client messages.

// src/mocks/handlers.js
import { ws } from 'msw'
 
const chat = ws.link('wss://chat.example.com')
 
export const handlers = [
  chat.on('connection', ({ client }) => {
    client.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
      console.log('client sent:', event.data)
    })
  }),
]

Now that we know when the client sends a message in the chat, we can send data back from the “server”, which is our event handler.

To send data from the server to the client, we can use the client.send() method provided by the client object.

// src/mocks/handlers.js
import { ws } from 'msw'
 
const chat = ws.link('wss://chat.example.com')
 
export const handlers = [
  chat.on('connection', ({ client }) => {
    client.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
      client.send('hello from server!')
    })
  }),
]

Now, whenever the client sends a message, our chat event handler intercepts it and sends back a "hello from server!" string. You can think of this interaction as a mock chat message arriving in response to any message you send from the application.

Our event handler has been interacting with a single client so far. Let’s take a look how to broadcast data across all clients to implement the realtime chat functionality.

Broadcasting data

When a single client sends a message, we want to broadcast that message to all connected clients so they would see it in their applications. To do so, our chat event handler object provides a broadcast() method that we can use.

// src/mocks/handlers.js
import { ws } from 'msw'
 
const chat = ws.link('wss://chat.example.com')
 
export const handlers = [
  chat.on('connection', ({ client }) => {
    client.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
      chat.broadcast(event.data)
    })
  }),
]

When using the .broadcast() method of the event handler, all the connected clients will receive the sent data. That includes the client that has sent the message we are broadcasting! Depending on how you implement your chat, you may want to omit the initial client from this broadcasting (e.g. if you display the sent message for the client optimistically).

To broadcast data to all clients except a subset of clients, use the .broacastExcept() method on the event handler object.

// src/mocks/handlers.js
import { ws } from 'msw'
 
const chat = ws.link('wss://chat.example.com')
 
export const handlers = [
  chat.on('connection', ({ client }) => {
    client.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
      chat.broadcastExcept(client, event.data)
    })
  }),
]

Now, whenever a client sends a message to the chat, it will be broadcasted to all the other clients so they would see it in the UI too.

Next steps

Integrations

Once you have described the network behavior you want, integrate it into any environment in your application.

Note that some envirionments, like Node.js, do not ship the global WebSocket API yet. You may want to configure your environment to polyfill the WebSocket class in those cases.

Learn about handling WebSocket events

This tutorial includes a minimal functionality to describe the WebSocket communication for a chat application. There’s much more you can do with WebSosckets in MSW, like connecting to the actual server, modifying server-sent events, mocking errors and connection closures.

Learn more about what you can do with WebSocket connections on this page: